It has been three years since ChatGPT first reshaped the AI landscape, yet surprisingly few organizations have managed to develop their own successful large language models (LLMs) trained on proprietary data. When I first thought about why this was happening, I suspected the problem lay in tokenization — the seemingly simple yet intricate process of … Continue reading Three Years After ChatGPT: Why Most Firms Still Struggle to Build Their Own AI Models

An iterable is any object that can return an iterator when you call iter() on it. It must implement the iter() method. for example a list a dictionary is iterable.an iterator is an object that produces elements one at a time using the next() method. it must implement both iter and next methods. it = … Continue reading Iterator and Generator

Grafana is an open-source visualization and monitoring tool — it turns logs, metrics, and time-series data into dashboards and alerts. We can use it to see how the system is performing its work properly. Let's build a IndexCalc → QC → Grafana monitoring pipeline step-by-step to illustrate potential of using it in our workflow. First … Continue reading Thoughts on Using Grafana

The Command pattern intuitively works like placing a takeout order 🥡 at a restaurant. It's all about separating the person who asks for the food from the chef who makes it, using a ticket (the Command object) as the medium. So there is the client, the command/order ticket, invoker/order taker and receiver/chef. the Command pattern … Continue reading Patterns in Finance and Indexing 02

First, the adapter pattern should be implemented to standardize the data feed intake. It is crucial to establish a uniform method, such as data_provider.get_price("AAPL"), to accommodate the various API formats provided by different vendors. class BloombergAPI: def getField(self, ticker, field): return f"Bloomberg {ticker}:{field}=185.5" class FactSetAPI: def get_price(self, ticker): return f"FactSet {ticker}=185.5" # Unified interface class … Continue reading Patterns in Finance and Indexing 01

From procedural → class-based → design-pattern-level architecture, developing a library system serves as a profound method to implement software engineering principles. Jumping to stage 2 that is class-based as the following, note the three classes are too tightly coupled, not an ideal practice:class Book: def __init__(self, title, author): self.title = title self.author = author self.is_borrowed … Continue reading Building a Library System to Apply Software Engineer Thinking

The Interpreter Pattern: Defining a Language The Interpreter pattern is used to define a grammar for simple languages and implement an interpreter to process sentences in that language. It's ideal for domain-specific languages (DSLs), mathematical expressions, or simple configuration rules. How it Works: The grammar is defined using a class hierarchy where each rule or … Continue reading Python Literacy Continue 3

Metaclasses: The Class of a Class ✨ A metaclass is the entity that creates a class—it is literally the "class of a class." Metaclasses allow you to define rules or inject behavior into classes as they are being built. Rule Enforcement: Metaclasses are used to ensure rules on a class are followed (e.g., ensuring all … Continue reading Python Literacy Continue 2

This blog post summary covers several key object-oriented programming (OOP) and design principles, with a focus on Python implementation and idiom. Class Construction and Separation of Concerns Internal vs. External Data: When constructing a class, data passed as arguments from the user (like initial values) are external. Internal operational data, such as a running count … Continue reading Python Literacy Continue 1

In the age of AI, code literacy has become what mathematical literacy once was: the essential tool for expressing, testing, and sharing thought. Understanding how to structure code — not just make it run — is how modern scientists, engineers, and creators communicate ideas that scale beyond themselves. Python, being expressive and readable, is the … Continue reading Notes Summery on Python Literacy