Core Architecture OpenManus is built on an agent-based architecture with a hierarchical inheritance pattern: BaseAgent (app/agent/base.py): The foundation class that provides: Memory management State transitions Execution loop control Stuck state detection ReActAgent (app/agent/react.py): Extends BaseAgent with: Think-Act cycle pattern Abstract methods for thinking and acting ToolCallAgent (app/agent/toolcall.py): Extends ReActAgent with: Tool/function calling capabilities Tool execution handling Response processing … Continue reading OpenManus Project Structure

The Proca Lagrangian is a fundamental concept in Quantum Field Theory (QFT) that describes the dynamics of a massive vector field (a field associated with a particle of spin-1 that has mass). It is named after the Romanian physicist Alexandru Proca, who first formulated it. The Proca Lagrangian is particularly important in the study of massive gauge bosons, such as … Continue reading Proca Lagrangian 

When undertaking the transition to advanced studies of curved space, in contrast to Euclidean space, it is essential to comprehend the notion of covariant derivatives, while also further exploring our established understanding of directional derivatives to effectively distinguish between the two. Key Differences Curvature Effects The directional derivative does not consider curvature—it is simply the … Continue reading Compare Directional Derivative and Covariant Derivative

A comprehensive understanding of the ordinary derivative in flat space is well established; nevertheless, the requirement for the covariant derivative emerges from the characteristics of curved space. In our universe, specifically within the framework of space-time, spaces are intrinsically curved as opposed to flat. Accordingly, the derivative must incorporate the consideration that the basis vectors … Continue reading What is Covariant Derivative in Flat and Curved Space

If we need to measure arc length, the rigorous way is as the following: The part in the middle is tensor metric. but it is from point of extrinsic view, what if we were an ant on the surface made up of u and v, how to calculate the arc length? it's similar as below: … Continue reading How Is Metric Tensor Deduced?

To truly understand how gauge field is required in the 4d version of the electromagnetism equation, However when asking what and how covariant derivative is defined and derived, AI hardly can be helpful other reciting dull and dry textbook words. The best brains of human beings are irreplicable by AI. So here I'd revisit eigenchris's … Continue reading What is Covariant Derivative in EM?

It's always an effective strategy to build from the simplest form for anything, so is applied to build MCP server. Thanks to Matthew Berman, he already posted a clip detailing how he created a "count number of Rs" in a word MCP server and run it in Claude chat box: Then go to the codes … Continue reading Build a Very Simple “Count Number of R” MCP Server

AI is revolutionizing how we conduct business, and it's becoming increasingly clear that the key to this transformation lies in the seamless integration of domain-specific APIs. Instead of navigating multiple platforms, clients can now interact with AI-powered chat interfaces—like ChatGPT, Claude, or DeepSeek—to get work done efficiently. This shift mirrors the iPhone's evolution, where a … Continue reading Building New Business Model Based on MCP

The key idea is that electromagnetism naturally emerges when we enforce local gauge symmetry on a quantum system. Everything works fine in 3D world, but when you elevate to space-time 4D which is a must when we explore the universe deeper, gauge symmetry without introducing some adjusting part is broken. Hence gauge field has to … Continue reading How Introducing the Gauge Field Led to the Discovery of the Electromagnetic Force

Generic LLMs have become a commodity, readily available everywhere. However, specialized LLMs are essential for specific domains. For companies in fields like medicine and finance, where domain expertise and industry-specific terminology are critical, fully training an LLM from scratch may be impractical. In such cases, fine-tuning offers a cost-effective way to tailor an existing model … Continue reading Fine Tune LLM